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Methodology

Methodology and quality assurance

Erinvia is a decision-support skills assessment system. Its measurement method is protected by a patent application (Hungarian Intellectual Property Office, HIPO) and builds on established tools of psychometrics. This page summarises what the measurement rests on and how we check its quality.

1The foundations

  • 31 skills, aligned with international frameworks. The skills follow the EU's ESCO classification (European Skills, Competences, Qualifications and Occupations) and the US O*NET (Occupational Information Network), mapped to ISCO-08 occupations and ISCED-F fields of education.
  • Behaviour, not just self-report. Mostly situational questions for each skill: what would you do in a specific workplace situation.
  • Checked answers. Measuring and control questions; if answers contradict each other, the result carries a flag.
  • Two equivalent question versions, so a re-measurement doesn't rest on the same questions.
  • Measurement spread over time. Many short sessions instead of one long test, so the result doesn't depend on one bad afternoon.

2Quality before every release

  • Every question bank release passes automated quality gates and goes live only when all of them pass.
  • The texts go through multi-stage language and subject-matter review.
  • Releases are versioned with a changelog. A change that affects scoring is a separate version, so results can always be traced.

3A validation plan fixed in advance

Before the first live data arrives, we set down in writing what we test, against which thresholds, and what happens if a threshold is not met. So results are not explained after the fact.

  • Reliability: how precise a skill level is.
  • Equivalence: whether it matters which question version someone gets.
  • Structure: whether a skill's questions belong together and the skills stay distinct.
  • Stability over time: whether the measurement shows the same when nothing has changed.
  • Fairness: the measurement must not disadvantage any group.

We compare to a norm only once the sample is large enough and comes from several companies.

4Data protection in development

The method is developed on pseudonymised, aggregated data, in line with the EU General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR). No individual result reaches anyone in the process.

What we don't claim

We don't diagnose, we don't label, and there is no single overall score. The measurement supports the decision; it doesn't make it.

5References

Frameworks and literature used in developing and validating the measurement method, by topic.

Skill and competence frameworks

  • Bianchi, G., Pisiotis, U. & Cabrera Giraldez, M. (2022). GreenComp: The European sustainability competence framework. European Commission, JRC.
  • CASEL (2020). CASEL's SEL Framework. Collaborative for Academic, Social, and Emotional Learning.
  • European Commission. ESCO – European Skills, Competences, Qualifications and Occupations, v1.2.1; ESCO Expert Group (2022).
  • ILO (2012). International Standard Classification of Occupations: ISCO-08. International Labour Office.
  • Mann, A., Denis, V. & Percy, C. (2020). Career ready? How schools can better prepare young people for working life in the era of COVID-19. OECD.
  • National Center for O*NET Development. O*NET Content Model (Interests, Work Values, Basic Skills, Abilities).
  • Sala, A., Punie, Y., Garkov, V. & Cabrera Giraldez, M. (2020). LifeComp: The European Framework for Personal, Social and Learning to Learn Key Competence. European Commission, JRC.
  • UNESCO Institute for Statistics (2014). ISCED Fields of Education and Training 2013 (ISCED-F 2013).
  • Vuorikari, R., Kluzer, S. & Punie, Y. (2022). DigComp 2.2: The Digital Competence Framework for Citizens. European Commission, JRC.
  • World Economic Forum (2025). The Future of Jobs Report 2025.

Thinking, problem solving, strategy

  • Anderson, L. W. & Krathwohl, D. R. (Eds.) (2001). A Taxonomy for Learning, Teaching, and Assessing. Longman.
  • Guilford, J. P. (1967). The Nature of Human Intelligence. McGraw-Hill.
  • Klein, G. (1998). Sources of Power: How People Make Decisions. MIT Press.
  • Liedtka, J. M. (1998). Strategic thinking: Can it be taught? Long Range Planning, 31(1).
  • Mintzberg, H. (1994). The Rise and Fall of Strategic Planning. Free Press.
  • Mintzberg, H., Ahlstrand, B. & Lampel, J. (2009). Strategy Safari (2nd ed.). Pearson.
  • OECD (2013). PISA 2012 Assessment and Analytical Framework (Problem Solving).
  • Porter, M. E. (1996). What is strategy? Harvard Business Review, 74(6).

Communication, collaboration, leadership

  • Allen, T. D., Eby, L. T., O'Brien, K. E. & Lentz, E. (2008). The state of mentoring research. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 73(3).
  • Bass, B. M. & Riggio, R. E. (2006). Transformational Leadership (2nd ed.). Erlbaum.
  • Davis, M. H. (1983). Measuring individual differences in empathy: Evidence for a multidimensional approach. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 44(1).
  • Edmondson, A. (1999). Psychological safety and learning behavior in work teams. Administrative Science Quarterly, 44(2).
  • Forret, M. L. & Dougherty, T. W. (2001). Correlates of networking behavior for managerial and professional employees. Group & Organization Management, 26(3).
  • Goleman, D., Boyatzis, R. & McKee, A. (2002). Primal Leadership. Harvard Business School Press.
  • Granovetter, M. S. (1973). The strength of weak ties. American Journal of Sociology, 78(6).
  • Hertel, G. et al. (2013). Age differences in motivation and stress at work. In C. M. Schlick et al. (Eds.), Age-Differentiated Work Systems. Springer.
  • Hesse, F., Care, E., Buder, J., Sassenberg, K. & Griffin, P. (2015). A framework for teachable collaborative problem solving skills. In Assessment and Teaching of 21st Century Skills. Springer.
  • Jolliffe, D. & Farrington, D. P. (2006). Development and validation of the Basic Empathy Scale. Journal of Adolescence, 29(4).
  • King, S. P. & Bryant, F. B. (2017). The Workplace Intergenerational Climate Scale (WICS). Journal of Organizational Behavior, 38(1).
  • Kouzes, J. M. & Posner, B. Z. (2017). The Leadership Challenge (6th ed.). Wiley.
  • Kram, K. E. (1985). Mentoring at Work. Scott, Foresman.
  • Mantzouranis, G., Baudat, S. & Zimmermann, G. (2019). Assessing online and offline adolescent social skills: The Real and Electronic Communication Skills Questionnaire (RECS). Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 22(6).
  • Noe, R. A. (1988). An investigation of the determinants of successful assigned mentoring relationships. Personnel Psychology, 41(3).
  • OECD (2017). PISA 2015 Assessment and Analytical Framework (Collaborative Problem Solving).
  • Ragins, B. R. & McFarlin, D. B. (1990). Perceptions of mentor roles in cross-gender mentoring relationships. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 37(3).
  • Scandura, T. A. (1992). Mentorship and career mobility: An empirical investigation. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 13(2).
  • Wolff, H.-G. & Moser, K. (2009). Effects of networking on career success: A longitudinal study. Journal of Applied Psychology, 94(1).

Self-regulation, learning, wellbeing

  • Bakker, A. B. & Demerouti, E. (2007). The Job Demands–Resources model: State of the art. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 22(3).
  • Bakker, A. B. & Demerouti, E. (2017). Job demands–resources theory: Taking stock and looking forward. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 22(3).
  • Bandura, A. (1977). Self-efficacy: Toward a unifying theory of behavioral change. Psychological Review, 84(2).
  • Boekaerts, M. (1999). Self-regulated learning: Where we are today. International Journal of Educational Research, 31(6).
  • Clark, S. C. (2000). Work/family border theory: A new theory of work/family balance. Human Relations, 53(6).
  • Friedman, S. D. (2014). Leading the Life You Want. Harvard Business Review Press.
  • Greenhaus, J. H. & Allen, T. D. (2011). Work–family balance: A review and extension of the literature. In Handbook of Occupational Health Psychology (2nd ed.). APA.
  • Greenhaus, J. H. & Powell, G. N. (2006). When work and family are allies: A theory of work–family enrichment. Academy of Management Review, 31(1).
  • Hobfoll, S. E. (1989). Conservation of resources: A new attempt at conceptualizing stress. American Psychologist, 44(3).
  • Kashdan, T. B. et al. (2018). The five-dimensional curiosity scale. Journal of Research in Personality, 73.
  • Kashdan, T. B. et al. (2020). The five-dimensional curiosity scale revised (5DCR). Personality and Individual Differences, 157.
  • Kossek, E. E., Ruderman, M. N., Braddy, P. W. & Hannum, K. M. (2012). Work–nonwork boundary management profiles: A person-centered approach. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 81(1).
  • Lazarus, R. S. & Folkman, S. (1984). Stress, Appraisal, and Coping. Springer.
  • Maslach, C. & Jackson, S. E. (1981). The measurement of experienced burnout. Journal of Occupational Behaviour, 2(2).
  • Maslach, C., Schaufeli, W. B. & Leiter, M. P. (2001). Job burnout. Annual Review of Psychology, 52.
  • Pintrich, P. R. (2000). The role of goal orientation in self-regulated learning. In Handbook of Self-Regulation. Academic Press.
  • Pintrich, P. R., Smith, D. A. F., Garcia, T. & McKeachie, W. J. (1991). A Manual for the Use of the Motivated Strategies for Learning Questionnaire (MSLQ). University of Michigan.
  • Robbins, S. B. et al. (2004). Do psychosocial and study skill factors predict college outcomes? A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 130(2).
  • World Health Organization (2019). ICD-11, QD85 Burnout.
  • Zimmerman, B. J. (1989). A social cognitive view of self-regulated academic learning. Journal of Educational Psychology, 81(3).
  • Zimmerman, B. J. (2000). Attaining self-regulation: A social cognitive perspective. In Handbook of Self-Regulation. Academic Press.
  • Zimmerman, B. J. (2008). Investigating self-regulation and motivation. American Educational Research Journal, 45(1).

Career, values, life course

  • Arnett, J. J. (2014). Emerging Adulthood (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press.
  • Bradley, C. L. (1997). Generativity–stagnation: Development of a status model. Developmental Review, 17(3).
  • Crites, J. O. (1978). Career Maturity Inventory. CTB/McGraw-Hill.
  • Erikson, E. H. (1950). Childhood and Society. Norton.
  • Erikson, E. H. (1959). Identity and the Life Cycle. International Universities Press.
  • Kotre, J. (1984). Outliving the Self. Johns Hopkins University Press.
  • Levinson, D. J. (1978). The Seasons of a Man's Life. Knopf.
  • Lusardi, A. & Mitchell, O. S. (2014). The economic importance of financial literacy. Journal of Economic Literature, 52(1).
  • Marcia, J. E. (1966). Development and validation of ego-identity status. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 3(5).
  • McAdams, D. P. & de St. Aubin, E. (1992). A theory of generativity and its assessment through self-report, behavioral acts, and narrative themes in autobiography. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 62(6).
  • OECD/INFE (2020). Adult Financial Literacy Framework. OECD.
  • Savickas, M. L. (2005). The theory and practice of career construction. In Career Development and Counseling. Wiley.
  • Schwartz, S. H. (1992). Universals in the content and structure of values. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 25.
  • Super, D. E. (1970). Work Values Inventory. Houghton Mifflin.
  • Super, D. E. (1980). A life-span, life-space approach to career development. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 16(3).
  • Taylor, K. M. & Betz, N. E. (1983). Applications of self-efficacy theory to the understanding and treatment of career indecision. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 22(1).
  • Wrzesniewski, A., McCauley, C., Rozin, P. & Schwartz, B. (1997). Jobs, careers, and callings: People's relations to their work. Journal of Research in Personality, 31(1).

Entrepreneurial thinking and knowledge sharing

  • Argote, L. (2013). Organizational Learning (2nd ed.). Springer.
  • Chandler, G. N., DeTienne, D. R., McKelvie, A. & Mumford, T. V. (2011). Causation and effectuation processes: A validation study. Journal of Business Venturing, 26(3).
  • Connelly, C. E., Zweig, D., Webster, J. & Trougakos, J. P. (2012). Knowledge hiding in organizations. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 33(1).
  • Kirzner, I. M. (1973). Competition and Entrepreneurship. University of Chicago Press.
  • Nonaka, I. & Takeuchi, H. (1995). The Knowledge-Creating Company. Oxford University Press.
  • Polanyi, M. (1966). The Tacit Dimension. Doubleday.
  • Sarasvathy, S. D. (2001). Causation and effectuation. Academy of Management Review, 26(2).
  • Sarasvathy, S. D. (2008). Effectuation: Elements of Entrepreneurial Expertise. Edward Elgar.
  • Tang, J., Kacmar, K. M. & Busenitz, L. (2012). Entrepreneurial alertness in the pursuit of new opportunities. Journal of Business Venturing, 27(1).
  • Wang, S. & Noe, R. A. (2010). Knowledge sharing: A review and directions for future research. Human Resource Management Review, 20(2).

Response style and trust

  • McAllister, D. J. (1995). Affect- and cognition-based trust as foundations for interpersonal cooperation in organizations. Academy of Management Journal, 38(1).
  • Paulhus, D. L. (1991). Measurement and control of response bias. In Measures of Personality and Social Psychological Attitudes. Academic Press.
  • Paulhus, D. L., Harms, P. D., Bruce, M. N. & Lysy, D. C. (2003). The over-claiming technique. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84(4).
  • Rempel, J. K., Holmes, J. G. & Zanna, M. P. (1985). Trust in close relationships. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 49(1).

Psychometric methodology and validation

  • AERA, APA & NCME (2014). Standards for Educational and Psychological Testing. American Educational Research Association.
  • Holland, P. W. & Wainer, H. (Eds.) (1993). Differential Item Functioning. Erlbaum.
  • Hu, L. & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis. Structural Equation Modeling, 6(1).
  • Kolen, M. J. & Brennan, R. L. (2014). Test Equating, Scaling, and Linking (3rd ed.). Springer.
  • Koo, T. K. & Li, M. Y. (2016). A guideline of selecting and reporting intraclass correlation coefficients for reliability research. Journal of Chiropractic Medicine, 15(2).
  • McDaniel, M. A., Morgeson, F. P., Finnegan, E. B., Campion, M. A. & Braverman, E. P. (2001). Use of situational judgment tests to predict job performance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 86(4).
  • McDonald, R. P. (1999). Test Theory: A Unified Treatment. Erlbaum.
  • Schuirmann, D. J. (1987). A comparison of the two one-sided tests procedure and the power approach for assessing the equivalence of average bioavailability. Journal of Pharmacokinetics and Biopharmaceutics, 15(6).